Use of hydrocarbon nanorings for data storage

ABSTRACT

Hydro-carbon nanorings may be used in storage. Sufficiently cooled, an externally hydrogen doped carbon nanoring may be used to create a radial dipole field to contain streams of electrons. Similarly, an internally hydrogen doped carbon nanoring may be used to create a radial dipole field to contain streams of positrons. When matched streams of positrons and electrons are sufficiently compressed they may form Cooper pairs with magnetic moments aligned to the movement of the stream. Matched adjacent Cooper pairs of electrons and positrons may contain information within their magnetic moments, and as such, may transmit and store information with little or no energy loss. Information may be similarly encoded in magnetic moments of spins of pairs of positrons and electrons, not in the form of Cooper pairs.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/559,842, filed on Jul. 27, 2012, andincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Traditional electrical devices make use of moving electrical chargescalled current in an otherwise electrically neutral conductive mediumand the energy contained in each measure of those moving charges, calledvoltage, transports energy from Its source to its destination or load.Usually this current is in the term of electrons, but it can be in theform of holes in semiconductors, or ions in uses such as welding oretching. This form of electrical energy, which is easily generated, islossy due to resistance and electromagnetic radiation.

Recently researchers have found graphene and carbon nanotube structureshave superconducting properties at reasonably high cryogenictemperatures. Nanotube structures composed of boron doped magnesium asdescribed by Pfefferle et al. in U.S. Pat. 7,531,892, granted May 12,2009, may superconduct up to temperatures of 100 degrees K. Furthermore,carbon nanotube structures are becoming more manufacturable, asdescribed by Rosenberger et. al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,977, grantedApr. 8, 2008.

While, the applications of high temperature superconducting structuresare endless, embodiments within this disclosure will focus primarilyinformation and energy storage, using hydrogen doped carbon nanorings,nanotubes connected to form a ring. Others, such as Winarski in U.S.Pat. No. 7,687,160 filed Apr. 6, 2006, have described the use ofmagnetic materials embedded within carbon nanotubes to containinformation, but they do not employ the novel forms of electricitydescribed within this specification. On the other hand, the inventor hasdisclosed these novel forms of electricity in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/946,052, filed on Nov. 15, 2010, published on May 17, 2012as US Patent Application Publication Number 2012/0117937, which, forbrevity of this application, is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments of the invention, hydrocarbon nanorings may be usedin storage of information. Sufficiently cooled, an externallyhydrogen-doped carbon nanoring may be used to create a radial dipolefield to contain streams of electrons. Similarly, an internallyhydrogen-doped carbon nanoring may be used to create a radial dipolefield to contain streams of positrons. When matched streams of positronsand electrons are sufficiently compessed they may form Cooper pairs withtheir magnetic moments aligned to the movement of the stream. Matchedadjacent Cooper pairs of electrons and positrons may contain informationwithin their magnetic moments, and as such, may transmit and storeinformation with little or no energy loss.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, reference characters refer to the sameparts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarilyto scale; emphasis has instead been placed upon illustrating theprinciples of the invention. Of the drawings:

FIG. 1 a is a diagram of a slice of an example of an exterior-dopednanoring,

FIG. 1 b is a diagram of a slice of an example of an interior-dopednanoring,

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example placement of multiple nanorings,according to an embodiment of the invention,

FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram of a structure for holding streams ofelectrons and positrons, according to an embodiment of the invention,

FIG. 4 is a diagram of two aligned Cooper pairs with opposite moments ofmagnetic inertia,

FIG. 5 is a diagram of multiple Cooper pairs compressed together,

FIG. 6 is a diagram of multiple compressed Cooper pairs, organized andaligned to retain information within the a coupled pair of positron andelectron nanorings,

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an information storage system,

FIG. 8 is a diagram of the separation of electron and positron carbonnanorings out of a hexagonal holding structure,

FIG. 9 is as diagram of an information storage and transmission system,and

FIG. 10 is a diagram of coupled information storage and transmissionsystems.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

As was described by the inventor in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/946,052, filed on Nov. 15, 2010, a nanoring is a nanotube that isconnected at its ends to form a tubular ring. One type of nanotube has asingle layer of hexagonally connected carbon atoms, as if a portion of asheet of hexagonally connected carbon atoms were rolled into a tube. Ahydrogen carbon nanoring is a nanoring where extra bonds of carbon atoms11 may be connected to hydrogen atoms 10, which may be either physicallyinside or outside the nanoring, as can be seen, respectively, in FIGS. 1a and 1 b. These may form negative and positive radial dipoles withinthe respective nanorings, which may allow them to contain, respectively,streams of electrons and positrons.

If sufficient number of electrons and positrons are inserted into thecenters of such nanorings, they may form a string of unbound chargesunder continuous repulsive tension between each other and the walls ofthe nanorings. The electrons and positrons may be held in thecross-sectional center of the rings by the dipole fields, and by thecharges in front and in back of it down the tubular centers of therings. A current may be generated by inductive coupling to eachindividual ring, which may have low or no resistance, even at relativelyhigh temperatures compared to traditional superconductors.

Also note that streams of electrons or positrons, which after beingforced tightly together, may collapse into Cooper pairs, pairs ofelectrons or positrons that rotate about each other. If they continue tobe forced together, the Cooper pairs may all align with their axes ofrotation coincident with the centers of the nanorings, so that in anembodiment of the invention, information may be stored in individual orcoupled pairs of electron and/or positron nanorings by orienting andaligning the axes of rotation of successive moving positron and/orelectron Cooper pairs. Furthermore, the information may be retrievedfrom the nanorings by measuring the magnetic variations from thepositron and/or electron Cooper pairs as they move past one or moremeasurement mechanisms on the rings, where the frequency of suchmagnetic variations may be a function of the velocity of the current andthe width of the magnetic alignments.

Further embodiments of the invention are now described with reference toFIGS. 2-8, it being appreciated that the figures illustrate the subjectmatter and may not be to scale or to measure.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, a diagram of an example of placement ofmultiple nanorings of both types combined together. These may, in suchan arrangement, form a larger lossless electrical transmission cable. Inthis case, the hexagonal cable 20 may be composed of an equal number ofnanorings 21 containing electrons and nanorings 22 containing positrons,which may be arranged in an interleaved hexagonal structure to balancethe attractive forces between the electron and positron nanorings.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, a diagram of an example of a structurefor holding streams of electrons and positrons. The cable 30 may beorganized into a ring and may be comprised of the hexagonal structureshown in FIG. 2, which may contain pairs of nanorings. The nanorings maycontain equal streams of electrons and positrons flowing at equal ratesin the direction indicated by the arrows 31. This arrangement may reduceor eliminate energy lost due to current fluctuations and may therebyenable maintaining the current flow almost indefinitely. Furthermore,some portion of the cable may be split into two bundles of nanorings,one containing streams of electrons 32, and the other containing streamsof positrons 33.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which shows a diagram of two alignedCooper pairs with opposite moments of magnetic inertia. As waspreviously mentioned, when streams of electrons or positrons arecompressed into appropriately doped nanorings, the streams of singlecharges may collapse into Cooper pairs. Continued compression of theCooper pairs may align them such that their axes of rotation may bealigned with the center of the rumoring in which the respective Cooperpair is contained. As can be seen in the diagram, the magnetic momentorientations of the Cooper pairs 41 and 42 may be aligned but oppositebecause their rotations may be opposite each other. Without externalmagnetic fields, as the Cooper pairs compress, their magnetic momentsmay randomly alternate, which may result in canceling internal magneticmoments.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, a diagram showing an example ofmultiple Cooper pairs compressed together. In this example, thecompressed set of Cooper pairs 50 contains two pairs 51 with oneorientation, followed by four pairs 52 with the opposite orientation,followed by two more pairs 53 with the same orientation as pairs 51,such that, in the directions of their magnetic moments, the magneticmoments may cancel.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6, a diagram showing multiple compressedCooper pairs, organized and aligned to retain information within acoupled pair of positron and electron nanorings, according to anembodiment of the invention. The carbon nanoring 60 withexternally-doped hydrogen 61 may contain a stream of compressed electronCooper pairs. Similarly the carbon nanoring 63 with internally-dopedhydrogen 62 may contain a stream of compressed positron Cooper pairs.Both are depicted in the diagram as moving from the left to the right,but the invention is not thus limited. The magnetic moments of the firsttwo pairs of positrons and electrons 64 may be aligned in the samedirection because the pairs with opposite charges may be rotating inopposite directions. The next two pairs 65 may also be aligned, but inthe opposite direction. In a corresponding graph 66, the orientations ofthe pairs may be represented as measurable fluctuations of greater orlesser duration, depending on the velocities of the currents and theorientations of the Cooper pairs. When aligned positron and electronCooper pairs both rotate in one direction 67 or in the oppositedirection 68, their magnetic moments may cancel, leaving little or nomeasurable magnetic field 69.

While information may be stored within a single positron or electronstream, it may be very lossy and the stream may display a large electriccharge. Matched pairs of positron and electron carbon nanorings may, incontrast, appear electrically neutral, and their respective streams ofcharged particles, being attracted to each other, may align, which mayserve to reduce or eliminate external electric and magneticfluctuations. In particular, the transmission of compressed positron andelectron Cooper pairs may incur some small electromagnetic losses due tothe magnetic fluctuations created by matching orientation of the Cooperpairs, as can be seen by the fluctuations in the graph 66. On the otherhand, if the magnetic moments of the aligned positron and electronCooper pairs cancel, there may be no perceived external magneticfluctuations 69. In that case, the information contained within pairs ofpositron and electron Cooper pairs may circulate within a holding ringalmost indefinitely without loss of information.

Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which is a diagram of an informationstorage system according to an embodiment of the invention. The systemmay include a structure 71 for holding at least one positron nanoringand at least one electron nanoring, where each nanoring may contain amoving stream of compressed Cooper pairs. To minimize space, the ringmay be wound into a large cylinder or some other shape with a radius ofcurvature appropriate for the maximum velocity of the current and sizeof the nanorings with an organization of the nanorings, such as shown inFIG. 2, that may cancel external fields created by the current. As waspreviously shown, the positron and electron Cooper pairs may be alignedand may have magnetic moments that may cancel throughout the rings.While the pairs of nanorings are coupled, there may be little or no lossof energy or information. As was shown in FIG. 6, the information may bestored as a series of pulses that may have equal amounts of bothmagnetic moments in respective pulses. There may be one or more accesslocations 73 to read and/or write, data out of and/or into thenanorings. To read information at these locations, a group of at leastone positron nanoring 72 and a group of at least one electron nanoring76, winch ma be bundled together after being decoupled from thestructure 71, and oppositely coupled to a detector-driver 74, such thatthe opposite magnetic moments may constructively align to produce apulse that may be amplified by the control logic 75. Similarly, towrite, alternating current pulses may be applied to the detector-driver74 by the control logic 75 with sufficient strength to flip bothelectron and positron Cooper pair magnetic moments.

It is further understood that the stream of electrons and positrons maynot be sufficiently compressed to form Cooper pairs; rather, the streamsmay be unbound electrons and positrons as described above. In thismanner, the spin of one or more electrons and positrons in such streamsof unbound electrons and positrons circulating through the coil 71 maybe detected through detector-drivers 74 and control logic 75 at accesspoints 73 to read data, and current pulses with sufficient strength maybe applied to the detector-drivers 74 by the control logic 75 to switchthe spins of segments of electrons and positrons in manners similar todetecting and flipping the Cooper pairs described above. While theCooper pairs may hold their orientation by the compressed state ofelectrons and positrons in the rings, the spins of respective pairs ofpositrons and electrons may be held by the orientation of theirrespective, magnetic moments, which may cancel in a manner similar tothe positron and electron Cooper pairs.

Reference is now made to FIG. 8, a diagram showing an example of theseparation of electron and positron carbon nanorings out of a hexagonalholding structure, according to an embodiment of the invention. Thehexagonal holding structure 85 may contain equal numbers of positron andelectron nanorings, which may be organized in a manner shown in FIG. 2.To create the bundle of positron nanorings 72 and the bundle of electronnanorings 76, one may organize the positron nanorings 82 and electronnanorings 81 from the hexagonal holding structure 85 into groups 83 and84 to form into their respective bundles 76 and 72 such that allnanorings maintain the same length.

It is further understood that many electron and positron nanorings maybe coupled together, but they may need to be decoupled and separated toperform the reads and writes. It is also understood that thedetector-driver may also be composed of one or more electron or electronand positron nanorings coiled one or more times about each bundle insuch a manner that the signals acquired from storage nanorings may besuitably amplified to be subsequently detected by the control logic. Itis also understood that the data may be sufficiently perturbed duringreading that a write may need to follow each read in order to preservethe data. Alternatively, the data may be read so as not to modify it ifit is equivalent to the desired value to be written. As such, it is alsounderstood that there may be separate detectors and drivers designedexclusively for reading or writing and that any given access locationmay, in some cases, only perform either reading or writing, but notboth. It is further understood that the density of data stored in thecable may be a function of the size of the detector-driver and thealignment of the nanorings and that the amount of data stored may be afunction of the length of the cable and the density of the stored data.Nevertheless, it is theoretically possible to maintain a bit ofinformation in the infinitesimal space necessary to contain fourelectrons and four positrons, and such information may be maintained foran indefinite amount of time without any use of energy except whenaccessing or generating the data.

In addition, the latency of access of the data may be a function of thevelocity of the streams of electrons and positrons, and the number ofread and/or write locations on the cable. As such, it is furthercontemplated that the velocity of the streams of electrons and positronsmay be varied as necessary for optimal storage and read/write access. Itis further contemplated that such coiled cables may be combined withtransmission cables such that the storage and transmission ofinformation may be performed within one large ring of cable.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9, a diagram of an information storage andtransmission system. The transmission lines 90 may connect to one ormore storage loops 93 forming one continuous ring. Detector-drivers 91may access the stored information in the storage loops 93 and/or sendinformation across the transmission lines 90. Detector-drivers 92 mayaccess information transmitted across the transmission lines 90 and/orstore information in the storage loops 93. It is further understood thatthe information in the continuous ring may be encoded in either theorientation of the Cooper pairs or in the spin of the positrons andelectrons.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10, a diagram of coupled informationstorage and transmission systems. Information may be transmitted throughthe transmission ring 100 between coupled detector-drivers 101.Information may also be accessed and/or stored in the storage rings 102by the coupled detector-drivers 101. The coupled detector-drivers maytransfer the information between detector-drivers on the storage rings102 and the transmission ring 100. It is further understood that theinformation in the storage rings may be encoded in either theorientation of the Cooper pairs or in the spin of the positrons andelections, and the information may be transmitted in a similar manner.

Alternatively, it is also contemplated that the information may betransmitted as differential voltage variations on the streams ofpositrons and electrons. Power, in the form of current, may also besimultaneously transmitted from a source 103 to a load 104 in the mannerdescribed by the inventor in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/946,052, filed on Nov. 15, 2010, It will be appreciated by personsskilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what hasbeen particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope ofthe present invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations ofvarious features described hereinabove as well as modifications andvariations which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon readingthe foregoing description and which are not in the prior art.

I claim:
 1. An apparatus for storage of information, comprising: atleast one nanoring containing circulating electrons; and at least onenanoring containing circulating positrons; wherein the information isencoded in magnetic moments of spins of at least one positron and oneelectron.
 2. The apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the encoding isperformed by orienting the magnetic moments of the spins ofcorresponding electrons and positrons.
 3. The apparatus as in claim 2,wherein the magnetic moments cancel.
 4. The apparatus as to claim 1,wherein the apparatus comprises at least one hexagonal cable formed byequal numbers of nanorings containing electrons and nanorings containingpositrons.
 5. The apparatus as in claim 4, wherein access locations ofthe cable are organized into one bundle of nanorings containingelectrons and one bundle of nanorings containing positrons.
 6. Theapparatus as in claim 5, further comprising one or more detectors,drivers, or detector-drivers coupled to respective control logic,coupled to the bundles, and configured to perform at least one ofreading or writing of the information.
 7. The apparatus as in claim 1,wherein the nanorings comprise hydrocarbon nanorings.
 8. A method ofinformation storage in a pair of bundles of one or more nanorings,wherein one of the bundles contains circulating electrons and the otherone of the bundles contains circulating positrons, the methodcomprising; encoding information in magnetic moments of spins of atleast one positron and one electron of the respective bundles.
 9. Themethod as in claim 8, wherein the nanorings comprise hydrocarbonnanorings.
 10. The method as in claim 8, wherein the encoding comprisesorienting the magnetic moments of spins of corresponding electrons andpositrons.
 11. The method as in claim 10, wherein the magnetic momentscancel.